Vaccine is an antigen material based on the function of microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) that can increase human immunity (Hanatul,2018). Vaccination aims to provide specific immunity against a particular disease so that if one day somebody have the disease it will only experience mild symptoms. On the other hand, if you do not vaccinate, you will not have specific immunity to diseases that should be prevented by giving the vaccine. Currently there are around 159 vaccines made to prevent the Covid 19 virus, but according to BPOM only CoronaVac, AstraZeneza, Sinopharm, Pfizer, Moderna, Vaksin COVID-19, Sputnik V, Janssen, Convidecia, Zifivax, and Covovax that used in Indonesia.
The first type is the CoronaVac vaccine. Sinovac Life
Sciences., Ltd. create this vaccine and its name CoronaVac , CoronaVac is a
type of inactivate vaccine. This means that the vaccine contains a pathogen
that has been killed, so that it can stimulate the formation of the immune
system without causing disease. Sinovac vaccine is give in two doses with a
minimum interval of 28. First dozes only uses 0.5ml and second dozes need
1.0ml.
The second type is the AstraZeneza COVID-19 vaccine
created by British pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca, which works by bringing
spike protein into the body’s cells, so the cells can read it and make copies
of the spike protein. The immune system will learn to recognize and fight the
SARS-CoV-2 virus. Similar to Sinovac, the AstraZeneca vaccine is also give in
two injections with an interval of 12 weeks between dozes.
The third type is a Sinopharm vaccine. China National
Pharmaceutical Group Corporation create this vaccine, which is an inactivate
vaccine that stimulates the immune system without the risk of causing disease.
Sinopharm is given in 2 doses with an interval of 3-4 weeks. This vaccine has
pass the test with the result that 79.34% can fight Covid-19 infection. That
test held in United Arab Emirates with 42.000 participants.
The fourth type is Pfizer created by BioNTech which
obtain an emergency use permit from BPOM on July 15, 2021. This vaccine claims
to have 95 percent effectiveness to ward off the coronavirus, and do not create
a significant risk of side effects. The Pfizer vaccine is give in two
injections with an interval between doses of 21-28 days. Pfizer is only for age
above 12, if you under 12 you cannot take this vaccine.
The fifth type is Moderna vaccine. Head of BPOM says that data show on phase 3
clinical trial data on November 21, 2020, the efficacy of Moderna COVID-19
Vaccine to prevent severe COVID-19 was 94.1% in the age group 18 to under 65
years and 86.4% in the age group 65 years and over. These results were obtained
through observations starting on the 14th day after the second injection. The
vaccine is based on mRNA, which works by instructing cells to make a protein
jump, so the body can generate an immune response and store the information.
The sixth type is the Vaksin COVID-19 vaccine, this is
the first vaccine that come from Indonesia created by Bio Farma. BPOM directly
give EUA approval for the COVID-19 vaccine produceed by Bio Farma through the
e-Registration Application for Drugs and Biological Products (AeRO) in front of
the media crew. Then the Head of the POM Agency immediately hand over the EUA
certificate to the President Director of Bio Farma with code of registration EUA2102907543A1.
This
vaccine has a dosage form of 5 ml vials, containing 10 doses of vaccine per
vial which is a vaccine from an inactivated virus. Packed in boxes containing
10 vials, stable at 2°-8°C.
The seventh type is the Sputnik V Vaccine, BPOM give
licension to be use in the age group of 18 years and over. This vaccine is give
by intramuscular injection 2 times with a span of 3 weeks. The Gamaleya
National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia develop this vaccine
using the Non-Replicating Viral Vector platform (Ad26-S and Ad5-S). Meanwhile,
for its efficacy, Head of BPOM says “phase 3 clinical trial data show the
Sputnik-V COVID-19 vaccine provides 91.6% efficacy (with a confidence interval
range of 85.6% - 95.2%)”.
The eighth type is the Janssen Vaccine, this vaccine
is for the age group of 18 years and over by giving a single dose or one
injection. Johnson & Johnson company create and develop this vaccine.
You
can store in temperature at 2-8 C degree. But Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine is
special it can also store at a temperature of minus 20 C degree.
The ninth type is the Convidecia Vaccine, CanSino
Biological Inc. and the Beijing Institute of Biotechnology create and develop
this vaccine. Convidecia is a vector vaccine using Adenovirus. This vaccine has
obtained an emergency use permit from BPOM at 7 September 2021 and can be used
in the age group of 18 years and over by giving one injection.
The tenth type is Zifivax, Anhui Zhifei Longcom
Biopharmaceutical develop this vaccine with a recombinant protein sub-unit
platform. This vaccine is for people aged 18 years and over as protection from
the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Zifivax vaccine is give in 3 injections with an interval
of 1 month from the first injection to the next injection. The Head of the POM
explained that the license was given after a series of pre-clinical and clinical
trials were carried out to assess the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of
the Zifivax vaccine. The Zifivax vaccine has gone through phase 3 clinical
trials on approximately 28,500 test subjects.
The eleventh type is Covovax vaccine. Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. create and develop this vaccine. This vaccine get license by BPOM at 17 November 2021. Covovax vaccine is a vaccine with recombinant glycoprotein spike protein subunit platform technology using Matrix-M1 adjuvant vaccine. The results of a detail evaluation of the safety aspect, the incidence of side effects report from Covovax Vaccine clinical trials are generally mild to moderate. The most frequently report side effects include local pain (23.9% - 32%), tenderness (9.9% - 11.4%), headache (15.5% - 19.9%), fatigue/ fatigue (8.7% - 17.9%), muscle pain/myalgia (8.5% - 15.5%), and fever (3.5% - 14.4%).
Like vaccines in general, the Covid-19 vaccine has the
potential to cause side effects for the recipient. Side effects such as arm
aches, fever, nausea and so on are very natural to experience after receiving
the vaccine. This is a sign that the vaccine is working and the body is
building antibodies to fight viruses that may infect in the future. Side
effects usually last for about 3 days and will go away on their own. All types
of vaccines that have been approved by the Ministry of Health have gone through
many stages of testing so that they can be ensured that they are safe for use
by humans. Therefore, we must carry out vaccinations according to procedures to
prevent and relieve symptoms when exposed to the COVID-19 virus
Reference
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